The World of tires is extremely diverse. First of all, they differ in their purpose, size, design and operating conditions. World and Russian tire manufacturers to produce products for all types of transport, special equipment and even airplanes.
should be shod car wheels cars and trucks, buses and trolleybuses, road, construction, military and other equipment.
Size tires are very different - from the small diameter tires made at the Nizhnekamsk tire plant for small car such as the Oka, to huge tires supplied Belshina for multi-ton dump trucks, like BelAZ.
Tires differ not only on the outer diameter, but also by internal as well as in width. Marking tires can clearly identify the size and destination of both domestic and imported tires.
By design tires can be divided in some respects. At the beginning of the formation of rubber industry tire manufacturers make products piece. Such a coarse rubber tires did not have the necessary cushioning and were ill-suited to the roads.
Subsequently been invented car tires with air inside the chamber, which had higher specifications. This air chamber is used to this day, but in an age of high technology has been proposed and tubeless air tire. Therefore, all of today's tires are divided into the chamber and tubeless.
Device tire chamber is known to many. It consists of two parts - actually the most massive tires and a thin rubber sealed air chamber, which is inserted inside. This camera is equipped with a special valve through which air is injected and non-return valve prevents the air outside.
Tubeless tire has a separate air chambers, while she performs her role. To do this tire is equipped with sealed inner layer of rubber and very densely planted in a car wheel rim of the disc. Here, on the drive, there is a hole where the valve is integrated with a valve for pumping the air.
Tubeless tires avtopokryshkaBeskamernye can simplify the design of the wheel, but at the same time placing greater demands on the quality of the surface car drives as well as to the composition of rubber compound, which is used for the manufacture of the inner layer.
This is to ensure a firm grip with a tire rim for a good seal the air space inside. In all the chamber to maintain a certain tire pressure. In some models of military vehicles, it can be remotely controlled, depending on road surface and vehicle speed. This enables the car wheel well to adapt to driving conditions.
Most car tires are divided on the structure of the frame on the radial and diagonal. If you recall the history of tire production, originally produced auto tires diagonal type. In 1946 he was offered a more progressive radial tire.
For the old fleet of cars by manufacturers such as buses Yaroslavl Tire Plant and Uralshina, Moscow Tyre Plant Dneproshina and still produce a diagonal tires. However, at present, most domestic and foreign producers tend to go to production of radial tires. These include the above listed companies, as well as the Kirov tire plant, Omsk Tire Plant, Belshina, and others.
Today's automobile tire - is a complex multi-product, which is first going to the assembly machines using tapes of raw rubber of different grades of reinforcing steel tires and steel cord, and then molded under pressure and is brewed in vulcanizer at a temperature of steam of about 300 degrees for several hours.
Without going into the nuances of this process and elements of design, say that as a result of production formed the tire tread. It is an important structural element of tires, because thanks to him going on an automobile wheel contact with the road.
Historically, the tread of tires did not appear immediately. Tire industry has long produced a naked car and bicycle tires, without any pattern on the outside, just as she let out a long-cast rubber tires.
Invention of the tire tread has allowed designers to immediately solve many important problems of the movement of the vehicle on slippery, wet mountain roads, which improved the performance of vehicles. Strictly speaking, the design of the tread and the prescription variations of rubber compounds, which are used by tire manufacturers for its manufacture are the two principal moments in obtaining the necessary characteristics of the wheel.
Tread is a massive plot tire that comes into contact with the material of the roadway. Its outer surface consists of a special embossed pattern in the form of grooves and ridges of some form, unfolding in a pattern, otherwise called a treadmill. Tread grooves of tires for passenger cars can reach 10 mm. When operating the tire is a gradual wear of the tread grooves and the magnitude decreases.
Tread wear indicator of winter avtopokryshkiPo size of these depressions can approximately determine the mileage of tires and decide to replace them, or visit the company on the tire, so as to ride on the "bald" tires are not safe, especially on wet roads.
The fact that the worn tread impairs traction with the road and can not well take water from the contact, which may escape the effect of hydroplaning.
According to the rules of the road depth of the grooves for the summer tires should not be less than 1.6 mm, and for winter - 4 mm. Some manufacturers of tires on the center rib of the tire tread wear indicator is placed in a molded figures, which allows you to immediately determine the depth of grooves in millimeters.
Most of the tread design of modern car tires include an indicator layer of rubber, which is characterized by a different color. This allows us to determine tire wear on the naked, by the operation, the indicator layer visually, not measuring the depth of tread grooves.
This method is still good and the fact that you can quickly determine uneven tread wear, which can occur when the car malfunctions, and promptly take the necessary measures that will increase the mileage of tires and other performance cars.
Tire tread bear a very important function - providing traction motor wheel and the road. Other less important features are the vibration when driving at different speeds, as well as acoustic noise, which affects the ride comfort, especially over long distances. Type of relief pattern formed on the outer part of tires, curled from its destination, that is, on any public road, weather and climatic conditions, it will be used.
The modern tread tires can be divided into several groups and subgroups, and each will have its own peculiarities. Two main groups - road or road racing tires and tires for off-road or off-road tires. The names of these groups speak for themselves. The first is for car wheels moving on a smooth roadway, and the second - to move the dirt mounds or on the road.
It goes without saying that the tire tread above mentioned groups will vary greatly among themselves. Tires, designed for movement on flat roads, have a smaller picture, which allows to develop a decent speed on the freeway, and tires for SUVs, by contrast, are equipped with large elements of the tread, helps to effectively overcome the various obstacles while driving on rough terrain or other unsuitable to move conditions.
Based on climatic and weather conditions of exploitation road tires are divided into summer tires, winter tires and all season or universal. In accordance with this purpose and formed a tread tires.
Do not forget the fact that apart from the tread of specialized tires play an important role as rubber compounds, the recipes are kept secret by tire manufacturers. This is due to large temperature desynchronization, reaching values ??of 80-100 degrees Celsius, which may be found on the roads in different parts of the globe in different seasons, and the degree of elasticity of rubber particular version of the mixture at different temperatures can vary within wide limits, which affects the parameters traffic and safety.
Summer tires should work not only in dry weather, but in the rainy. Therefore, their protector is formed so that the water which will be at the wheel in place of contact, quickly put aside. For this tread tire has reinforced longitudinal grooves and small cross.
In the summer of tire tread can be clearly seen as a special rounding depressions located on the central part of the sidewalls of tires. They serve to effectively remove moisture when driving an automobile wheel.
Summer tires with the tread require proper installation the arrows on the sidewall indicating the direction of ground movement. Otherwise, the efficiency of their operation and safety will decrease. Summer tires are specialized, and therefore provide good traction with the road, high speed and maximum range of tires. However, for operation in winter conditions or on gravel roads are of little use.
Tread winter tire is designed differently than the summer because he has to perform other tasks. It is to provide good traction motor wheel with icy or snowy roads. To this end, tire tread is equipped with large swords, forming a transverse and longitudinal grooves of sufficient depth. Checkers winter tires are complex embossed main and side surfaces, as well as branched mikrorisunok. This is done to improve both the patency of compacted snow and slush on the snow.
Winter tires are also specialized and exploit them in the summer conditions are not appropriate. However, in areas where negative temperatures often turns into a positive, not use the winter tires to +10 degrees.
When driving in icy conditions protectors of many imported buses are equipped with special spiked, serving to improve traction. This studded tires on a lot increases the safety of the car. The design of studs and landing slots with tightly connected to the studded rubber allows you to quickly mount and dismount them in accordance with weather conditions.
The marking of tires for the winter season, usually in the form, for example, the words «Snow», «Mud», «Mud + Snow», or may be reduced to the indices M + S, which means "mud and snow" . These tires also have tread, designed for one-way traffic. Therefore, when installation of car wheels with winter tires, should orient them correctly.
If the exploit winter tires on roads without snow and with a large positive temperature, it will lead to premature wear. Therefore, for them the whole mileage tires at 30-50% less than summer tires. Ride the studded tires on bare coverage is generally not recommended and are often prohibited, as it disables not only the tires, but the roadbed.
Tread-season avtopokryshkiVsesezonnye car wheels have universal tires, which are designed to operate in all weather conditions. The developers have created for them a tire tread, which may work fine for any road condition. In the tread pattern discernible major elements that contribute to good adhesion on compacted or loose snow, and the smaller patterns, grooves and partitions that are essential for the smooth movement of dry or wet, warm asphalt.
All season tires are able to behave satisfactorily at both low and high temperatures. Rubber compound used in the manufacture of tires, tire designated can not be too hard in the cold and too soft in warm weather.
However, universal tires are prone to more rapid wear than winter or summer tires. If the avtorezine a notation in the form of flakes and drops or is the inscription «All weathe» or «All season» (all-weather or season), then such a label owned by Universal Tire tires.
